Evidence Details for Slc6a13
PMID Title Journal Year Abstract
22583765 Inhibition of glutamate and acetylcholine release in behavioral improvement induced by electroacupuncture in parkinsonian rats. Neurosci Lett. 2012 Jun 27;520(1):32-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.021. Epub 2012 May 11. 2012 Jun 27 Prior evidence shows that acupuncture improves symptoms in both Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and animal models. We examined the effects of high-frequency (100 Hz) electroacupuncture (EA) on behavior in a rat PD model induced by medial forebrain bundle (MFB) transection. Neurotransmitters levels in the striatum were measured using in vivo microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). High-frequency EA stimulation at Dazhui (GV14) and Baihui (GV20) acupoints decreased rotational behavior induced by apomorphine (APO) and improved motor coordination, protected axotomized dopaminergic neurons from degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN), it did not increase striatal dopamine (DA) levels. However, EA stimulation at acupoints significantly decreased the abnormally elevated glutamate (Glu) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the lesioned side of striatum. Moreover, the Glu levels correlated significantly with survival ratios of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc and rotational bahavior. These data suggested that behavioral alleviation with EA stimulation may be associated with modulation of neurotransmitters release, such as Glu and ACh in the striatum, rather than with DA restoration."

Evidence Sentence: As such, it is rich in neurotransmitters including DA, glutamate (Glu), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine (ACh).
Evidence Sentence: Increased Glu, ACh and GABA levels were reported in many studies in PD animals
Evidence Sentence: Boulet et al. [1] found a large increase in Glu and GABA levels in the striatum and a marked decrease in DA levels and metabolism.
Evidence Sentence: Thus, in the present study we set to examine intrastriatal release of the neurotransmitters DA, ACh, Glu, and GABA by microdialysis in conscious rats following transection of the MFB, and to explore their correlation with the symptoms of PD.
Evidence Sentence: For Glu and GABA assays, the samples were mixed with the same volume o-phthalic dicarboxaldehyde solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for precolumn derivation.
Evidence Sentence: A large increase in ACh, Glu and GABA levels was observed in the lesioned side of the striatum after MFB axotomy (P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively, Fig. 3).
Evidence Sentence: Furthermore, high-frequency EA stimulation was shown to increase GABAergic inhibition in the output structure of the basal ganglia [8].
Evidence Sentence: MFB axotomy resulted in decrease in levels of DA but increase in levels of ACh, Glu, and GABA in the lesioned side of the striatum.
Evidence Sentence: Increased GABA concentrations have also been suggested to be a compensatory effect of the increased Glu release [1].